"The ATP synthase protein complex consists of a spinning rotor driven by the back transport of protons into the mitochondrial matrix. This part is connected to the enzyme's catalytic head by a stalk, ...

In 2005, a class of compound was discovered that could inhibit the bacterium that causes tuberculosis infections in humans — Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1. Unexpectedly, the target of these drugs was ...

The proton gradients that power respiration are as universal as the genetic code itself, giving an insight into the origin of life and the singular origin of complexity. Why do virtually all cells ...