Annualized total return gives the yearly return of a fund calculated to demonstrate the rate of return necessary to achieve a ...

Real rate of return adjusts for inflation, providing a true growth measure. S&P 500's real rate is 7.9%, versus a nominal 11.8%, due to inflation. Using real rates in retirement planning ensures ...

During strongly trending bull markets, investors often overlook the importance of math in predicting forward returns. Equities do not compound at a stagnant rate of growth; instead, they experience a ...

The cost of equity formula is a financial metric that represents the return investors expect for holding a company's stock. This formula can help you evaluate whether a company's stock is generating ...