Bilevel optimisation problems represent a distinctive class of hierarchical mathematical programming challenges wherein two interdependent levels of decision-making coexist. In these problems, the ...

Bilevel optimisation represents a class of hierarchical decision-making processes where two interrelated optimisation problems are solved sequentially. In such problems, the upper-level (or leader) ...

Ship air emissions have become one of the major concerns of the maritime industry, and therefore various regulations and policies have been issued to manage air emission from ships. Although the rules ...