Biased sampling occurs frequently in economics, epidemiology, and medical studies either by design or due to data collecting mechanism. Failing to take into account the sampling bias usually leads to ...

Aim Although data collected by citizen scientists have received a great deal of attention for assessing species distributions over large extents, their sampling efforts are usually spatially biased.

Length-biased data analysis and survival modeling have become pivotal in accurately interpreting time-to-event data, particularly in epidemiology and clinical research. Traditional survival analyses ...