Clocks are the heartbeats of embedded systems, providing timing references and synchronization between components, subsystems, and entire systems. Incorrect clock signal amplitudes and timing can ...

A signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) lets us express the relationship between signal and noise powers, as well as between the root-mean-square (rms) values of signal and noise voltages: SNR (dB) = ...

As every engineer learns at an early stage, clock edges must be obeyed. In the digital domain, synchronization through global and local clock trees, slew rate and rising/falling times all combine to ...

High-performance computing (HPC) applications require IC designs with maximum performance. However, as process technology advances, achieving high performance has become increasingly challenging.

There are significantly different architectures for what are known as “atomic” clocks. Optically driven atomic clocks offer a new set of performance attributes. The optical atomic clocks use paired ...

Among many deliberations when designing with high-speed analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), the effect of the ADC’s sampling clock is paramount to meeting specific design requirements. There are ...

The distinction between analog and digital signals is very simple, but it can still be a challenge to wrap one's mind around the concepts that define the two systems. Just when you think you've got it ...