• Calculate the deflections in stepped shafts more quickly and accurately by combining engineering knowledge with mathematics software. • Use Castigliano’s theorem and the Heavyside step function help ...

Here, denotes that particle ℓ at position is in its excited state , while the other N – 1 particles remain in the ground state as illustrated in Fig. 1b. The excitation energy of particle ℓ is ħω ℓ, ...