Probability theory forms the mathematical backbone for quantifying uncertainty and random events, providing a rigorous language with which to describe both everyday phenomena and complex scientific ...

The range of correlation coefficient of any bivariate discrete random vector with finite or countably infinite values is derived. We show analytically that the normal-transformed discrete bivariate ...

Continuous Variable: can take on any value between two specified values. Obtained by measuring. Covariance: a measure of the direction of the linear relationship between two variables. Discrete ...