At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

Data analysis is a fundamental process in any project. However, data can be lumped into different types, with categorical and ...

The broader shift is toward forecasting rather than reacting. Instead of detecting disease only after it crosses a threshold, systems will track trends that indicate future risk. The value of next ...

Explain why probability is important to statistics and data science. See the relationship between conditional and independent events in a statistical experiment. Calculate the expectation and variance ...

Mental health is not to be reduced to simple discrete classifications, but that's what AI is doing to us. AI can be ...