This rapidly evolving field extends classical discrete calculus by introducing non-integer, or fractional, orders of difference operators. Such an approach is particularly well suited to modelling ...

At each sampling time instant, one observes system output and action to form discrete-time rewards. The sampled input-output data are collected along the trajectory of the dynamical system in ...

Sigma-delta converters are in wide use among applications that demand high precision and accuracy. A variant of the sigma-delta architecture, called the continuous-time sigma delta (CT-S?), has found ...