Entropy, the amount of molecular disorder, is produced in several systems but cannot be measured directly. A new equation sheds new light on how entropy is produced on a very short time scale in laser ...

High-resolution structures of nascent polypeptide chains in complex with the ribosome — the cell’s protein-synthesis machinery — reveal how the ribosome guides protein folding. Ribosomal attachment ...

A jewellery chain, like everything else in the universe, is subject to the second law of thermodynamics, explains one reader ...

In nature, the behavior of systems—whether large or small—is always governed by a few fundamental principles. For instance, objects fall downward because it minimizes their energy. At the same time, ...