Nor was Chipko unique: the 1970s saw a slew of popular movements in defence of local rights to forests, fish, and water resources, as well as protests against large dams.

How a tree-hugging protest transformed Indian environmentalism. ... In the early 1970s, the Western Himalayan regions of Garhwal and Kumaon, where Reni is situated, were in turmoil.

Historically, U.S. environmentalism has not been an inclusive or democratic social movement. Rather, it’s been shaped by the affluent and professional elites, often more concerned with promoting ...

Listen to more stories on the Noa app. Environmentalism has never been a stable ideology, and its adherents have never been a monolithic group. But, in Minneapolis, the green community has ...