Caudal epidural steroid injection (ESI) is an established treatment for spine-related problems, although reported success rates vary, largely as a result of incorrect placement of the needle.

"This is especially true when they are performed on people who have pain only in their lower back or another type of pain that will not likely be helped by an epidural steroid injection.

Epidural steroid injections (ESI) are often used as pain ... on the muscles that have been affected by the insertion of the ...

Those with a history of previous lumbar spine surgery or those who had received epidural steroid injections within the last 6 months were excluded. Patients were randomized to injections with ...