What is temperature? A direct understanding of temperature is the specific number shown in thermometers. A much more scientific definition of temperature is a statistical concept in equilibrium ...

The Japanese collaborative team of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) and Osaka University presents a novel method for tuning hydrodynamic interfacial instability through a ...

A computer simulation, or model, of a chiller plant must, by the author’s definition, duplicate the performance of the real plant within 1%-3% to qualify as a tool to design and evaluate the plant at ...

Quantum dynamics—the study of how particles behave and interact in a quantum system—has long fascinated physicists due to its puzzling and sometimes bizarre behaviors. Unlike classical systems, where ...

A scientist gives an answer to a long-standing question in theoretical glass physics: what does it mean to be an order parameter for an inherently out-of-equilibrium system? Starting from first ...

Constructing out-of-equilibrium molecular assemblies that deviate from thermodynamic equilibrium is a central challenge in materials science. While numerous studies have reported the creation of such ...

On the other hand, the US middle class, which is the primary target of the kill line, is in a state of unstable equilibrium.