Top: The ninespine stickleback, Pungitus pungitus, is typical of the saltwater form. Bottom: A freshwater form of stickleback with fewer bony plates and fewer spines. Image based on drawings from the ...

Convergent phenotypic evolution often results from similar genetic changes in independent species by a process known as parallel evolution. Sometimes, convergent evolution results from the evolution ...

Our brains are a mess. They evolved step by step, one function added to another in a million small steps that might help in one way, but that conflict with what another part of the brain is trying to ...

Higher - The gradients of two perpendicular lines will always multiply to make –1. Make sure you are familiar with finding the equation of a line and calculating gradient to understand equations of ...

Death, psychosis, apocalypse — it’s a strong mixture for a novel. In the hands of a writer less capable than Edward St Aubyn, it would probably add up to a fatal dose for a book that you were actually ...