Gladys Mae West, the quiet mathematician behind the Global Positioning System that now guides everything from ride-hailing ...

What if GPS had existed in 1565? No satellites or microelectronics, sure—but let’s play along. Imagine the bustling streets of Antwerp, where merchants navigated the sprawling city with woodcut maps.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have revolutionised location-based services by providing positioning information through satellite signals. In urban environments, however, positioning ...