The quadrature processing techniques employed in spectrum analysis,computer graphics, and digital communications routinely require highspeed determination of the magnitude of a complex number (vector ...

What is a vector, and how can we use it in electrical design? According to the “IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms,” a vector quantity is “any physical quantity whose ...

Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a measure of modulation quality and error performance in complex wireless systems. It provides a method to evaluate the performance of ...