RP Sallen and EL Key of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lincoln Laboratory in 1955 introduced the Sallen-Key analog filter topology. Engineering literature extensively discusses the second ...

Native SPICE elements that accurately replicate an op amp’s real-world behavior were nonexistent. A transconductance sourcing current from the rails and transitioning to a resistive state as the ...

As analog engineers, it’s tempting to fantasize about one day coming close to designing the ideal operational amplifier we encountered in college: infinite bandwidth, zero output resistance, and so on ...