Most operational amplifiers (op amps) have input and output electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection diodes, as shown in Figure 1. These diodes are designed for protection from ESD damage during ...

Op-amp integrators can ramp to saturation, and a capacitor-discharge switch can reset them. Alternatively, you can input-switch them to ramp up and down in triangle-waveform-generator applications.

Native SPICE elements that accurately replicate an op amp’s real-world behavior were nonexistent. A transconductance sourcing current from the rails and transitioning to a resistive state as the ...

As analog engineers, it’s tempting to fantasize about one day coming close to designing the ideal operational amplifier we encountered in college: infinite bandwidth, zero output resistance, and so on ...