Modern operational amplifiers (op amps) and instrumentation amplifiers (in amps) provide great benefits to the designer, when compared with discrete semiconductors. But all too often, some very basic ...

LTspice simulation of the K2-W Vacuum Tube Op Amp’s design reveals the mad science that created a commercial revolution in 1950s and 1960s analog computing. The K2-W's first-stage differencing ...

RP Sallen and EL Key of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Lincoln Laboratory in 1955 introduced the Sallen-Key analog filter topology. Engineering literature extensively discusses the second ...

Native SPICE elements that accurately replicate an op amp’s real-world behavior were nonexistent. A transconductance sourcing current from the rails and transitioning to a resistive state as the ...