Brian Beers is a digital editor, writer, Emmy-nominated producer, and content expert with 15+ years of experience writing about corporate finance & accounting, fundamental analysis, and investing.

A small p-value often means the observed data effect is statistically significant. Set a significance level to compare with the p-value to validate investment hypotheses. Utilizing p-values in Excel ...

Science is all about interrogating and disproving theories. Scientists in most quantitative fields will conduct p value testing as a method of statistical investigation. A low p value is an indicator ...

Julia Kagan is a financial/consumer journalist and former senior editor, personal finance, of Investopedia. Dr. Melody Bell is a personal finance expert, entrepreneur, educator, and researcher. Melody ...

Calculate P/B ratio by dividing stock price by book value per share. A lower P/B ratio may suggest a stock is undervalued; watch for very low ratios. Use P/B ratio to analyze banks and other ...

Price to earnings (P/E) and price to sales (P/S) are the first ratios that come to an investor’s mind while narrowing down a list of undervalued stocks. However, the price-to-book ratio (P/B ratio), ...

When evaluating a company, investors mostly look at a stock’s price-to-earnings (P/E) or price-to-sales (P/S) ratio. While P/E is the ratio of annual earnings to stock price, P/S reflects the amount ...