Ryan Mayfield led an informative discussion on the history of the NEC PV Hazard Control System rules and the latest changes to the UL 3741 standard.

US industry experts trace the evolution of PV rapid shutdown rules and outline how recent updates to UL 3741 are reshaping compliance pathways for rooftop and commercial solar in the United States.

A research group led by scientists from Egypt’s Cairo University has developed a novel control strategy for frequency fluctuations during the deloading of PV systems. “This paper evaluates the ...

A utility-scale solar plant in China’s Shandong Province faced operational challenges due to its early construction, complex terrain and difficult maintenance conditions. Numerous tracker controller ...

Part II of Art. 690 provides the circuit requirements for PV systems. The first requirement it covers is the maximum PV system direct-current (DC) circuit voltage. This value is used when selecting ...

Enerparc’s Schkölen PV power plant has become the first of its kind in Germany to be prequalified to provide ancillary frequency regulation services. Image: Enerparc. Germany’s first ground-mounted PV ...

What is the PV-Pushback-Effect? How can solar day lamps (SDLs) take advantage of this effect? Solar day lamps (SDLs) are made by simply connecting an LED array to a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel. SDLs ...

Article 690 covers solar installations, except large-scale ones (those are covered in Article 691) [Sec. 690.1], as shown in Fig. 1. There are three important definitions: “Photovoltaic (PV) system” ...