The oil and gas production explosion is driving the renaissance of the chemical and process industries in North America. With low-cost natural gas comes low-cost feedstock for many chemical compounds, ...

1.1 Typical schedules (e.g., rotating 12-hour shifts) add 10%–30% overtime plus shift differentials ($1.50–$3.00/hr). 1.2 Rough annualization: \( \text{Annual ...

A steel processing plant in South Africa needed to upgrade its Wonderware InTouch 7.0 to version 9.5. Plant operators tried the initial upgrade and no errors were reported. But the implementation on ...