Flying insects generate forces that are too large to be accounted for by conventional steady-state aerodynamics1,2. To investigate these mechanisms of force generation, we trained red admiral ...

In this free teacher resource for primary science, presenters Mwaksy and Greg design and make mechanisms that use levers to allow a smaller force to have a greater effect.

A biomechanical model of a simple lifting motion is presented in which the forces and moments of force acting about the L4-L5 vertebral articulation were determined from kinetic and kinematic data.