The light intensity curves for LEDs, regardless of whether they are collimated with a lens or reflectors, follow a bell shaped curve (often referred to as a “Lambertian“ curve). The 50% intensity ...

Jay Holben During one of my recent lectures, there was a great deal of confusion about how to adjust light intensity and when does light quality and/or color change when altering the intensity.

In addition to their customary roles as indicators and illuminators, modern LEDs can also serve as photovoltaic detectors (reference 1 and reference 2). Simply connecting a red LED to a multimeter and ...