A long-standing question has been how viral RNAs that use genetic codes different from those used in human cells can still drive efficient viral protein production during infection. It emerges that ...

While codons (combinations of three nucleotides) may vary in which do what functions, a long-standing rule was that each codon serves one specific purpose. New evidence, however suggests that ...

Scientists at deCODE genetics, a subsidiary of Amgen, have published a study in Nature Communications, comparing over 110 thousand patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) from Iceland, Finland ...

Codon optimization is a central strategy in recombinant protein production, enabling genes from one organism to be efficiently expressed in another. Conventional methods typically replace ...

In a giant feat of genetic engineering, scientists have created bacteria that make proteins in a radically different way than all natural species do. By Carl Zimmer At the heart of all life is a code.

The DNA of nearly all life on Earth contains many redundancies, and scientists have long wondered whether these redundancies served a purpose or if they were just leftovers from evolutionary processes ...