It can be termed as the building block of the pavements without which all the pavement materials would behave independently and thus will be deemed useless. Almost ninety percent of bitumen is used in ...

The extracted bitumen has the consistency of peanut butter and requires extra processing before it can be delivered to a refinery. There are two ways to process the bitumen. Some tar sands producers ...

Increased pipeline movement of raw bitumen production from Canada to the US could mitigate North America's vulnerability to crude supply disruptions and require expansion of existing pipelines or ...

A handful of Canadian oil sands. Credit: istockphoto. The Canadian crude oil that would flow through the Keystone XL pipeline is either the lynchpin of U.S. energy security or the path to certain ...

Copepod crustaceans are extremely abundant but, because of their small size and fragility, they fossilize poorly. Their fossil record consists of one Cretaceous (c. 115 Ma) parasite and a few Miocene ...