All humans produce estrogen, but females have higher levels than males. Low estrogen can lead to irregular periods in females and a low sex drive, reduced bone density, and other issues in all people.

Total serum cortisol and CBG levels were higher in subjects taking oral estrogens than in controls (P <0.001); however, levels in subjects taking transdermal estrogen were similar to controls.

This increase in estrogen receptors is also linked to brain ... during menopause have profound effects on women’s brain structure and function,” Lisa Mosconi, PhD, director of the Women ...

"Instead of simply shutting down the estrogen receptor," Yang said ... More information: Zhanwen Du et al, The sequence–structure–function relationship of intrinsic ERα disorder, Nature ...