There are different types of windows used in building construction to provide ventilation, and view. The selection of windows depends on many criteria. A window is a vented barrier provided in a wall ...

🕑 Reading time: 1 minute Spalling is break away of concrete surface which often extends to the top layers of reinforcing steel. Spalls may be 150 mm or more in diameter and 25mm or more in depth, and ...

🕑 Reading time: 1 minute Quality tests on concrete are performed as a part of quality control of concrete structures. Different quality tests on concrete such as compressive strength tests, slump ...

🕑 Reading time: 1 minute In an era when sustainability has become an important benchmark for forward-thinking buildings, it's inspiring to see how far architecture and design have come in the pursuit ...

Epoxy is a paint, plastic, adhesive, or thermoset plastic material made by mixing two or more industrial chemical compounds to provide a high degree of resistance against wear and tear. It provides ...

🕑 Reading time: 1 minute Curtain wall system comprises one of the elements of facade technology in high rise building. Facades involves window wall, cladding elements and curtain walls which ...

There various parts of a retaining wall and design principles of these retaining wall components based on different factors and material and methods of construction are discussed. Any wall that ...

There are various types of glass used in construction for different purposes. This article discusses the engineering properties and uses of these glasses. Glass is a hard substance which may be ...

A fire brick is a special type of brick made using fire clay and has a good resistance against high temperatures which are used in kilns, lining furnaces, fireplaces and fireboxes. These bricks are ...

Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper than all types of roads. This type of road is provided for fewer traffic areas or countryside areas. A good drainage system should be provided, which ...

2. Plywood Formwork. Resin-bonded plywood sheets are attached to timber frames to make up panels of the required sizes. The cost of plywood formwork compares favorably with that of timber shuttering, ...

🕑 Reading time: 1 minute A gate or gateway is a point of entry to or from a space enclosed by walls. It helps manage the entry and exit from a property by installing security fences and movable ...