Abstract: In this article, a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach that optimizes the power/ground ball map design within the ball grid array (BGA) package of 3-D-integrated circuits (ICs) ...

The height, measured from the ground to the top of the car, is 1644 mm across all variants. The width is 1809 mm across all variants. The length is 4314 mm across all variants. See the table below for ...