Diagram Question Answering (DQA) is a challenging task, requiring models to answer natural language questions based on visual diagram contexts. It serves as a crucial basis for academic tutoring, ...

Intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy is an important tool for examining the effects of molecular crowding and confinement on the structure, dynamics, and function of proteins. Synthetic ...

Molecular crowding enables ribozyme-catalyzed RNA assembly under low Mg2+ conditions and consequently may have played an essential role in the origin and evolution of RNA-based primordial life.