Females are more immunoreactive than males and, although sex hormones have an important role in immune functions, the X chromosome is fundamental in shaping sex-specific immune responses. X-linked ...

Natural selection uses duplicated genes as raw material for functional innovation, co-opting their existing features to new functions. Understanding genetic innovation requires two questions to be ...

Enzymes help with specific functions that are vital to the operation and overall health of the human body. They help speed up chemical reactions and are essential for respiration, digestion, muscle ...

How do we distinguish between bipolar mood disorder, cyclothymic temperament, and borderline personality disorder? This may be among the most important questions in clinical psychiatry and ...

Sean Ross is a strategic adviser at 1031x.com, Investopedia contributor, and the founder and manager of Free Lances Ltd. Katrina Ávila Munichiello is an experienced editor, writer, fact-checker, and ...