Abstract: Graph theory is a powerful tool for addressing problems involving discrete structures, such as determining the shortest length of connected river networks or the shortest distance between ...

Abstract: In this paper, various algorithmic models such as K-means clustering, BPR model, Dijkstra algorithm, Fruchterman-Reingold algorithm, and Frank-Wolfe algorithm are proposed, focusing on the ...

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Scientific computing in Python is typically fragmented across multiple specialized libraries such as NumPy, SciPy, SymPy, scikit-learn, and domain-specific toolkits for cryptography, optimization, and ...