The new generation of hydrogels moves away from the bulk materials of old, to those with multilayered, complex internal structures and controllable physical ...

A group of researchers has demonstrated a method that allows scientists to experimentally measure how the chemical bonds of materials are altered when two different materials are linked together. This ...

The thermoelectric effects arise because charge carriers in metals and semiconductors are free to move much like gas molecules, while carrying charge as well as heat. When a temperature gradient is ...

Dot and cross diagrams help us to model when ions are formed from atoms. Here’s an example using sodium and chlorine. They form ions which bond to form sodium chloride. 2. Work out how many electrons ...