Decision-making inherently involves cause–effect relationships that introduce causal challenges. We argue that reliable algorithms for decision-making need to build upon causal reasoning. Addressing ...

Dr. JeFreda R. Brown is a financial consultant, Certified Financial Education Instructor, and researcher who has assisted thousands of clients over a more than two-decade career. She is the CEO of ...

As of October 2025, the World Economic Outlook database and supporting documents will be accessible through the IMF Data portal. The World Economic Outlook (WEO) database is created during the ...