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Abstract: Over the past two decades, the popularity of messaging systems has increased both in enterprise and consumer level. Many of these systems used secure protocols like end-to-end encryption to ...

A boiling sea of quarks and gluons, including virtual ones—this is how we can imagine the main phase of high-energy proton collisions. It would seem that particles here have significantly more ...

To fully address how quarks get decayed and excited, how particles are formed and generated, and how they interact and transmute, a two-flavor (up & down) multi-excitation (ground & excited) quark ...

The CMS and ATLAS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider have observed an unforeseen feature in the behaviour of top quarks that suggests that these heaviest of all elementary particles form a ...

Top quarks and antiquarks have been detected in heavy-ion collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, showing that all six quark flavors were present in the Universe’s first moments. American Institute ...

Stephen has degrees in science (Physics major) and arts (English Literature and the History and Philosophy of Science), as well as a Graduate Diploma in Science Communication. Stephen has degrees in ...

Physicists have long-suspected that the building blocks of protons experienced quantum entanglement. Now, researchers have the first direct evidence — after using a trick to infer subatomic particles' ...

"With evidence that quarks and gluons are entangled, this picture has changed. We have a much more complicated, dynamic system." When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate ...

Breakthroughs are like London buses. You wait a long time, and three turn up at once. In 1963 and 1964, Murray Gell-Mann, André Peterman and George Zweig independently developed the concept of quarks ...