These four fundamental forces exist between fermions (quarks and leptons). They arise from the exchange of bosons. Bosons are the 'force carrying' or 'force-mediating' particles. If a fermion ...

Top quarks follow the rules of special relativity day and night. Is there a time of day or night at which nature's heaviest elementary particle stops obeying Einstein's rules? The answer to that ...

In its recent study, the CMS collaboration searched for Lorentz symmetry breaking at the LHC using pairs of top quarks—the most ... Higgs boson and the W and Z bosons. More information: A.

This includes leptons (such as the electron), the quarks that make up protons and neutrons, and gauge bosons, which mediate forces between the other particles. The observation of a neutrino in an ...