In recent years, there have been attempts to describe the inside of a proton using quantum information tools, with partial ...

Physicists know from previous experiments that what happens at the nuclear scale to protons and neutrons also affects their ...

In the higher energy picture, composite protons and neutrons (composed of quarks and gluons) interact through quantum chromodynamics (QCD). This residual interaction is the strong nuclear force.

Meanwhile, electrochemical energy conversion in fuel cells will be a key technology in the development of the hydrogen economy, but new lower cost proton exchange membrane (PEM) materials are needed.

British philosopher Bertrand Russell said of the difference between our physical world experience and the scientific world of continually changing matter, “There is … some conflict between what common ...