In engineering practice, the shear strength of finer grained materials (such as earthfill and tailings) are often characterized through field and laboratory testing. Yet for coarse-grained materials ...

Stress is defined as the force per unit area. Thus, the formula for calculating stress is: Where σ denotes stress, F is load and A is the cross sectional area. The most commonly used units for stress ...

Keywords: Performance-based designs. Shear-critical squat walls. Reinforced concrete (RC). Nuclear power plants (NPP). Databases. Experimental tests. Peak shear strength. Predictions. Finite element ...