Water–solid interactions are of broad importance both in nature and technology. The hexagonal bilayer model based on the Bernal–Fowler–Pauling ice rules has been widely adopted to describe water ...

High soil sodium (Na) is a common stress in natural and agricultural systems. Roots are usually the first tissues exposed to Na stress and Na stress-related impairment of mitochondrial function is ...

The Dead Sea brine is characterized by high ionic strength (9-10 m) and a Ca-Cl composition. The lake is currently saturated with respect to aragonite, gypsum, and halite. Harned's rule is applied to ...

Sodium Chloride is an alkali halide with an fcc crystal structure. The basis is two ions, a sodium cation and a chlorine anion. The crystal lattice parameter is 0.563 nm. The diagram shows both a unit ...