The giant conifer aphids Cinara pinivora (Wilson, 1919) and Cinara atlantica (Wilson, 1919) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are pests on Pinus spp. (Pinaceae) in the South and Southeast regions of Brazil.

Classical conditioning is a way to learn using unconscious associations. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning when dogs started to salivate at the sound of a bell before they got food. The ...