This project simulates the dynamics of singly-charged calcium ions $(Ca^+)$ in a Penning trap. We investigate how particles move inside the trap under different conditions, comparing cases with and ...

Learn how to solve differential equations using Euler and Runge-Kutta 4 methods! This tutorial compares both techniques, explaining accuracy, step size, and practical applications for physics and ...

Abstract: Continuous-control-set model predictive control (CCS-MPC) has been extensively adopted in dual active bridge (DAB) converters to achieve rapid and precise output voltage regulation. However, ...