A supercomputer simulation of the "primordial soup" has revealed that its inner structure is surprisingly complex. When our universe burst into existence approximately 13.8 billion years ago, it ...

The strong interaction is one of the fundamental forces of nature, which binds quarks into hadrons such as the proton and the neutron, the building blocks of atoms. According to the quark model, ...

Quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is a state of matter existing at extremely temperatures and densities, such as those that occur in collisions of hadrons (protons, neutrons and mesons). Under so-called ...

Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 359, No. 1779, The Quark Structure of Matter (Feb. 15, 2001), pp. 279-308 (30 pages) Photon structure derives from ...

The Nature Index 2024 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...