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It usually presents in one of three forms: asymptomatic renal artery stenosis, renovascular hypertension, or ischemic nephropathy. This complexity often makes diagnostic and management decisions ...

common carotid artery reference diameter of at least 6 mm, carotid bifurcation is a minimum of 5 cm above the clavicle as measured by duplex Doppler ultrasound or computerized axial tomography ...

Effectively delivering medications to the renal tubule to delay or halt chronic kidney disease progression remains a significant unmet clinical challenge. Here, authors introduce an innovative ...

The most effective treatment for carotid artery stenosis is carotid endarterectomy ... Before CEA, patients underwent duplex ultrasonography and four-vessel cerebral arteriography.