Words with the letters 'ed' at the end are usually regular past tense verbs like 'started' or adjectives like ‘confused’. The pronunciation of 'ed' can change depending on which sound comes before it ...

What you see is pinyin, literally 'spell out the sound'. It's a system for romanizing Chinese ideograms, used in mainland China for Mandarin, a.k.a. putonghua.

Abstract: In Part I of this article, we discussed the basic operation of 2-D Dirac-source field-effect transistors (DS-FETs) and studied the impact of key device parameters on the device performance.